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ADENOSINE injection


  1. No Title 1572553527
  2. Description
  3. Clinical Pharmacology
  4. Indications & Usage
  5. Contraindications
  6. Warnings
  7. Precautions
  8. Adverse Reactions
  9. Overdosage
  10. Dosage & Administration
  11. How Supplied
  12. References
  13. Package Label.principal Display Panel
  14. No Title 1572455268
  15. Indications And Usage
  16. Dosage And Administration
  17. Reference
  18. Principal Display Panel
  19. Adenosine Injection, Uspfor Rapid Bolus Intravenous Use
  20. Description
  21. Clinical Pharmacology
  22. Indications And Usage
  23. Contraindications
  24. Warnings
  25. Precautions
  26. Adverse Reactions
  27. Overdosage
  28. Dosage And Administration
  29. How Supplied
  30. Reference
  31. Adverse Reactions
  32. Adenosine Injection, Usp
  33. Package/label Display Panel

No Title 1572553527 

Manufactured by:
Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions LLC
Bloomington, IN 47403

Distributed by:

West-Ward logo

WEST-WARD
PHARMACEUTICALS
Eatontown, NJ 07724 USA

Revised October 2011

462-633-00

3-3609-443

Description 


Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside occurring in all cells of the body. It is chemically 6-amino-9- -D-ribofuranosyl-9-H-purine and has the following structural formula:
ADENOSINEAdenosine is a white, odorless crystalline powder. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in alcohol. Solubility increases by warming and lowering the pH. Adenosine is not chemically related to other antiarrhythmic drugs. Adenosine injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for rapid bolus intravenous injection. Each mL contains 3 mg adenosine and 9 mg sodium chloride in Water for Injection. The pH of the solution is between 4.5 and 7.5.

Clinical Pharmacology 

Mechanism of Action

Adenosine injection slows conduction time through the A-V node, can interrupt the reentry pathways through the A-V node, and can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome.

Adenosine injection is antagonized competitively by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline, and potentiated by blockers of nucleoside transport such as dipyridamole. Adenosine injection is not blocked by atropine.

Hemodynamics

The intravenous bolus dose of 6 or 12 mg adenosine injection usually has no systemic hemodynamic effects. When larger doses are given by infusion, adenosine decreases blood pressure by decreasing peripheral resistance.

Pharmacokinetics

Intravenously administered adenosine is rapidly cleared from the circulation via cellular uptake, primarily by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. This process involves a specific transmembrane nucleoside carrier system that is reversible, nonconcentrative, and bidirectionally symmetrical. Intracellular adenosine is rapidly metabolized either via phosphorylation to adenosine monophosphate by adenosine kinase, or via deamination to inosine by adenosine deaminase in the cytosol. Since adenosine kinase has a lower Km and Vmax than adenosine deaminase, deamination plays a significant role only when cytosolic adenosine saturates the phosphorylation pathway. Inosine formed by deamination of adenosine can leave the cell intact or can be degraded to hypoxanthine, xanthine, and ultimately uric acid. Adenosine monophosphate formed by phosphorylation of adenosine is incorporated into the high-energy phosphate pool. While extracellular adenosine is primarily cleared by cellular uptake with a half-life of less than 10 seconds in whole blood, excessive amounts may be deaminated by an ecto-form of adenosine deaminase. As adenosine injection requires no hepatic or renal function for its activation or inactivation, hepatic and renal failure would not be expected to alter its effectiveness or tolerability.

Clinical Trial Results

In controlled studies in the United States, bolus doses of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mg were studied. A cumulative 60% of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had converted to normal sinus rhythm within one minute after an intravenous bolus dose of 6 mg adenosine (some converted on 3 mg and failures were given 6 mg), and a cumulative 92% converted after a bolus dose of 12 mg. Seven to sixteen percent of patients converted after 1 to 4 placebo bolus injections. Similar responses were seen in a variety of patient subsets, including those using or not using digoxin, those with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, males, females, blacks, Caucasians, and Hispanics.

Adenosine is not effective in converting rhythms other than PSVT, such as atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia, to normal sinus rhythm.

Indications & Usage 


Adenosine Injection, USP is indicated for the following:

Conversion to sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including that associated with accessory bypass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome). When clinically advisable, appropriate vagal maneuvers (e.g., Valsalva maneuver), should be attempted prior to adenosine administration.

It is important to be sure the adenosine solution actually reaches the systemic circulation (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Adenosine does not convert atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm. In the presence of atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, a transient modest slowing of ventricular response may occur immediately following adenosine administration.

Contraindications 

Intravenous adenosine injection is contraindicated in:

  1. Second- or third-degree A-V block (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker).
  2. Sinus node disease, such as sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker).
  3. Known hypersensitivity to adenosine.

Warnings 

Heart Block

Adenosine injection exerts its effect by decreasing conduction through the A-V node and may produce a short lasting first-, second- or third degree heart block. Appropriate therapy should be instituted as needed. Patients who develop high-level block on one dose of adenosine should not be given additional doses. Because of the very short half-life of adenosine, these effects are generally self-limiting. Appropriate resuscitative measures should be available.

Transient or prolonged episodes of asystole have been reported with fatal outcomes in some cases. Rarely, ventricular fibrillation has been reported following adenosine injection administration, including both resuscitated and fatal events. In most instances, these cases were associated with the concomitant use of digoxin and, less frequently with digoxin and verapamil. Although no causal relationship or drug-drug interaction has been established, adenosine should be used with caution in patients receiving digoxin or digoxin and verapamil in combination.

Arrhythmias at Time of Conversion

At the time of conversion to normal sinus rhythm, a variety of new rhythms may appear on the electrocardiogram. They generally last only a few seconds without intervention, and may take the form of premature ventricular contractions, atrial premature contractions, atrial fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, skipped beats, and varying degrees of A-V nodal block. Such findings were seen in 55% of patients.

Bronchoconstriction

Adenosine injection is a respiratory stimulant (probably through activation of carotid body chemoreceptors) and intravenous administration in man has been shown to increase minute ventilation (Ve) and reduce arterial PCO2 causing respiratory alkalosis.

Adenosine administered by inhalation has been reported to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients, presumably due to mast cell degranulation and histamine release. These effects have not been observed in normal subjects. Adenosine injection has been administered to a limited number of patients with asthma and mild to moderate exacerbation of their symptoms has been reported. Respiratory compromise has occurred during adenosine infusion in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Adenosine injection should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease not associated with bronchoconstriction (e.g., emphysema, bronchitis, etc.) and should be avoided in patients with bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm (e.g., asthma). Adenosine injection should be discontinued in any patient who develops severe respiratory difficulties.

Precautions 

Drug Interactions

Intravenous adenosine injection has been effectively administered in the presence of other cardioactive drugs, such as quinidine, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, calcium channel blocking agents, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, without any change in the adverse reaction profile. Digoxin and verapamil use may be rarely associated with ventricular fibrillation when combined with adenosine injection (see WARNINGS). Because of the potential for additive or synergistic depressant effects on the SA and AV nodes, however, adenosine injection should be used with caution in the presence of these agents. The use of adenosine injection in patients receiving digitalis may be rarely associated with ventricular fibrillation (see WARNINGS).

The effects of adenosine are antagonized by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline. In the presence of these methylxanthines, larger doses of adenosine may be required or adenosine may not be effective. Adenosine effects are potentiated by dipyridamole. Thus, smaller doses of adenosine may be effective in the presence of dipyridamole. Carbamazepine has been reported to increase the degree of heart block produced by other agents. As the primary effect of adenosine is to decrease conduction through the A-V node, higher degrees of heart block may be produced in the presence of carbamazepine.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of adenosine injection. Adenosine was negative for genotoxic potential in the Salmonella (Ames Test) and Mammalian Microsome Assay.

Adenosine, however, like other nucleosides at millimolar concentrations present for several doubling times of cells in culture, is known to produce a variety of chromosomal alterations. Fertility studies in animals have not been conducted with adenosine.

Pregnancy Category C

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with adenosine; nor have studies been performed in pregnant women. As adenosine is a naturally occurring material, widely dispersed throughout the body, no fetal effects would be anticipated. However, since it is not known whether adenosine can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women, adenosine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Pediatric Use

No controlled studies have been conducted in pediatric patients to establish the safety and efficacy of adenosine injection for the conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). However, intravenous adenosine has been used for the treatment of PSVT in neonates, infants, children and adolescents (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).1

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of adenosine injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, adenosine injection in geriatric patients should be used with caution since this population may have a diminished cardiac function, nodal dysfunction, concomitant diseases or drug therapy that may alter hemodynamic function and produce severe bradycardia or AV block.

Adverse Reactions 

The following reactions were reported with intravenous adenosine used in controlled U.S. clinical trials. The placebo group had a less than 1% rate of all of these reactions.

Cardiovascular

Facial flushing (18%), headache (2%), sweating, palpitations, chest pain, hypotension (less than 1%).

Respiratory

Shortness of breath/dyspnea (12%), chest pressure (7%), hyperventilation, head pressure (less than 1%).

Central Nervous
System

Lightheadedness (2%), dizziness, tingling in arms, numbness (1%), apprehension, blurred vision, burning sensation, heaviness in arms, neck and back pain (less than 1%).

Gastrointestinal

Nausea (3%), metallic taste, tightness in throat, pressure in groin (less than 1%).

Post Marketing Experience

(see WARNINGS)

The following adverse events have been reported from marketing experience with adenosine. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, are associated with concomitant diseases and multiple drug therapies and surgical procedures, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Decisions to include these events in labeling are typically based on one or more of the following factors: (1) seriousness of the event, (2) frequency of the reporting, (3) strength of causal connection to the drug, or a combination of these factors.

CARDIOVASCULAR

Prolonged asystole, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, transient increase in blood pressure, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and Torsade de Pointes.

RESPIRATORY

Bronchospasm

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Seizure activity, including tonic clonic (grand mal) seizures, and loss of consciousness.

Overdosage 

The half-life of adenosine injection is less than 10 seconds. Thus, adverse effects are generally rapidly self-limiting. Treatment of any prolonged adverse effects should be individualized and be directed toward the specific effect. Methylxanthines, such as caffeine and theophylline, are competitive antagonists of adenosine.

Dosage & Administration 


For rapid bolus intravenous use only.

Adenosine injection should be given as a rapid bolus by the peripheral intravenous route. To be certain the solution reaches the systemic circulation, it should be administered either directly into a vein or, if given into an IV line, it should be given as close to the patient as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush.

Adult Patients
The dose recommendation is based on clinical studies with peripheral venous bolus dosing. Central venous (CVP or other) administration of adenosine has not been systematically studied.


The recommended intravenous doses for adults are as follows:

Initial dose:6 mg given as a rapid intravenous bolus (administered over a 1 to 2 second period).

Repeat administration:If the first dose does not result in elimination of the supraventricular tachycardia within 1 to 2 minutes, 12 mg should be given as a rapid intravenous bolus. This 12 mg dose may be repeated a second time if required.


Pediatric Patients
The dosages used in neonates, infants, children and adolescents were equivalent to those administered to adults on a weight basis.

Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight <50 kg
Initial dose:

Give 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg as a rapid IV bolus given either centrally or peripherally. A saline flush should follow.

Repeat administration:If conversion of PSVT does not occur within 1 to 2 minutes, additional bolus injections of adenosine can be administered at incrementally higher doses, increasing the amount given by 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg. Follow each bolus with a saline flush. This process should continue until sinus rhythm is established or a maximum single dose of 0.3 mg/kg is used.


Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight 50 kg
Administer the adult dose.


Doses greater than 12 mg are not recommended for adult and pediatric patients.

NOTE: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.

How Supplied 

Adenosine injection, USP is supplied as a sterile non-pyrogenic solution in normal saline in the following configurations:

NDC 64679-630-01
6 mg/2 mL (3 mg/mL) single dose pre-filled syringe of USP type 1 clear glass barrel with chlorobutyl plunger stopper and polypropylene plunger rod in a carton of 1

NDC 64679-630-07
6 mg/2 mL (3 mg/mL) single dose pre-filled syringe of USP type 1 clear glass barrel with chlorobutyl plunger stopper and polypropylene plunger rod in a carton of 10 x 2 mL Single dose Pre-filled Syringe.

NDC 64679-630-02
12 mg/4 mL (3 mg/mL) single dose pre-filled syringe of USP type 1 clear glass barrel with chlorobutyl plunger stopper and polypropylene plunger rod in a carton of 1

NDC 64679-630-08
12 mg/4 mL (3 mg/mL) single dose pre-filled syringe of USP type 1 clear glass barrel with chlorobutyl plunger stopper and polypropylene plunger rod in a carton of 10 x 4 mL Single dose Pre-filled Syringe.

Store at 20 -25 C (68 C to 77 F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]

DO NOT REFRIGERATE as crystallization may occur. If crystallization has occurred, dissolve crystals by warming to room temperature. The solution must be clear at the time of use.

Contains no preservatives. Discard unused portion.

May require needle or blunt. To prevent needle-stick injuries, needles should not be recapped, purposely bent or broken by hand.

Rx Only

REFERENCE
  1. Paul T, Pfammatter. J-P. Adenosine: an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug in pediatrics. Pediatric Cardiology 1997; 18:118-126.

Manufactured by:
Wockhardt Limited,
Mumbai, India.

Distributed by:
Wockhardt USA LLC.
20 Waterview Blvd.
Parsippany, NJ 07054
USA.

Rev.010311


2 ML SYRINGE LABEL



2 ML BLISTER LABEL



2 ML MONO CARTON



2 ML 10s CARTON



4 ML MONO CARTON



ADENOSINE
adenosine injection
Product Information
Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:55648-630
Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength
ADENOSINE (UNII: K72T3FS567) (ADENOSINE - UNII:K72T3FS567) ADENOSINE 3 mg in 1 mL
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient Name Strength
SODIUM CHLORIDE (UNII: 451W47IQ8X)
Packaging
# Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
1 NDC:55648-630-07 10 in 1 CARTON
1 NDC:55648-630-01 2 mL in 1 SYRINGE, GLASS
2 NDC:55648-630-08 10 in 1 CARTON
2 NDC:55648-630-02 4 mL in 1 SYRINGE, GLASS
Marketing Information
Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
ANDA ANDA090220 07/20/2009
Labeler - WOCKHARDT LIMITED (650069115)

Revised: 10/2012 WOCKHARDT LIMITED

References 


1. Paul T. Pfammatter. J-P. Adenosine: an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug in pediatrics. Pediatric Cardiology 1997; 18:118-126.

Manufactured by:

Gland Pharma Limited
D.P. Pally, Dundigal post,
Hyderabad-500 043, India.

Revised: January 2014

Package Label.principal Display Panel 


NDC 68083-101-01
2 mL Syringe
Adenosine Injection, USP 6 mg per 2 mL (3 mg per mL)



Adenosine-PFS-2mL.jpg


NDC 68083-101-02
4 mL Syringe
Adenosine Injection, USP 12 mg per 4 mL (3 mg per mL)



Adenosine-PFS-4mL.jpg
ADENOSINE
adenosine injection
Product Information
Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:68083-101
Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength
Adenosine (UNII: K72T3FS567) (Adenosine - UNII:K72T3FS567) Adenosine 3 mg in 1 mL
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient Name Strength
sodium chloride (UNII: 451W47IQ8X)
water (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)
Packaging
# Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
1 NDC:68083-101-01 10 in 1 CARTON 04/01/2013
1 2 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
2 NDC:68083-101-02 10 in 1 CARTON 04/01/2013
2 4 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
Marketing Information
Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
ANDA ANDA077283 04/01/2013
Labeler - Gland Pharma Limited (918601238)
Establishment
Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations
Gland Pharma Limited 918601238 ANALYSIS(68083-101) , MANUFACTURE(68083-101) , PACK(68083-101)

Revised: 12/2017 Gland Pharma Limited

No Title 1572455268 

For Rapid Bolus Intravenous Use

Rx only

Indications And Usage 

Intravenous adenosine injection is indicated for the following.

Conversion to sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including that associated with accessory bypass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome). When clinically advisable, appropriate vagal maneuvers (e.g., Valsalva maneuver), should be attempted prior to adenosine administration.

It is important to be sure the adenosine solution actually reaches the systemic circulation (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).1

Adenosine injection does not convert atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm. In the presence of atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, a transient modest slowing of ventricular response may occur immediately following adenosine injection administration.

Dosage And Administration 

For rapid bolus intravenous use only.

Adenosine injection should be given as a rapid bolus by the peripheral intravenous route. To be certain the solution reaches the systemic circulation, it should be administered either directly into a vein or, if given into an IV line, it should be given as close to the patient as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush.

Adult Patients

The dose recommendation is based on clinical studies with peripheral venous bolus dosing. Central venous (CVP or other) administration of adenosine has not been systematically studied.

The recommended intravenous doses for adults are as follows:

Initial dose: 6 mg given as a rapid intravenous bolus (administered over a 1 to 2 second period).

Repeat administration: If the first dose does not result in elimination of the supraventricular tachycardia within 1 to 2 minutes, 12 mg should be given as a rapid intravenous bolus. This 12 mg dose may be repeated a second time if required.

Pediatric Patients

The dosages used in neonates, infants, children and adolescents were equivalent to those administered to adults on a weight basis.

Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight < 50 kg:

Initial dose: Give 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg as a rapid IV bolus given either centrally or peripherally. A saline flush should follow.

Repeat administration: If conversion of PSVT does not occur within 1 to 2 minutes, additional bolus injections of adenosine can be administered at incrementally higher doses, increasing the amount given by 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg. Follow each bolus with a saline flush. This process should continue until sinus rhythm is established or a maximum single dose of 0.3 mg/kg is used.

Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight > 50 kg:

Administer the adult dose.

Doses greater than 12 mg are not recommended for adult and pediatric patients.

NOTE: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.

Reference 

1. Paul T, Pfammatter. J-P. Adenosine: an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug in pediatrics. Pediatric Cardiology 1997; 18:118-126.

Principal Display Panel 

Adenosine Injection, USP
6 mg/2 mL
(3 mg/mL)
2 mL Single Dose Vial
NDC 0641-6113-01

Adenosine Injection, USP 6 mg/2 mL (3 mg/mL) 2 mL Single Dose Vial

Adenosine Injection, USP
6 mg/2 mL
(3 mg/mL)
10 x 2 mL Single Dose Vials
NDC 0641-6113-10

Adenosine Injection, USP 6 mg/2 mL (3 mg/mL) 10 x 2 mL Single Dose Vials

ADENOSINE
adenosine injection
Product Information
Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:0641-6113
Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength
ADENOSINE (UNII: K72T3FS567) (ADENOSINE - UNII:K72T3FS567) ADENOSINE 3 mg in 1 mL
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient Name Strength
SODIUM CHLORIDE (UNII: 451W47IQ8X) 9 mg in 1 mL
WATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)
Packaging
# Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
1 NDC:0641-6113-10 10 in 1 CARTON
1 NDC:0641-6113-01 2 mL in 1 VIAL
Marketing Information
Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
ANDA ANDA076500 06/16/2004
Labeler - West-ward Pharmaceutical Corp. (946499746)
Establishment
Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations
BAXTER PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS, LLC 604719430 ANALYSIS(0641-6113) , LABEL(0641-6113) , MANUFACTURE(0641-6113) , PACK(0641-6113) , STERILIZE(0641-6113)

Revised: 12/2011 West-ward Pharmaceutical Corp.

Adenosine Injection, Uspfor Rapid Bolus Intravenous Use  

SAGENT
Rx only

Description  

Adenosine, USP is an endogenous nucleoside occurring in all cells of the body. It is chemically 6-amino-9- -D-ribofuranosyl-9-H-purine and has the following structural formula:

structural formula

Adenosine, USP is a white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in alcohol. Solubility increases by warming and lowering the pH. Adenosine, USP is not chemically related to other antiarrhythmic drugs. Adenosine injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for rapid bolus intravenous injection. Each mL contains 3 mg adenosine, USP and 9 mg sodium chloride in water for injection, USP. The pH of the solution is between 4.5 and 7.5.

Clinical Pharmacology  

Mechanism of Action

Adenosine injection slows conduction time through the A-V node, can interrupt the reentry pathways through the A-V node, and can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome.

Adenosine is antagonized competitively by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline, and potentiated by blockers of nucleoside transport such as dipyridamole. Adenosine is not blocked by atropine.

Hemodynamics

The intravenous bolus dose of 6 or 12 mg adenosine usually has no systemic hemodynamic effects. When larger doses are given by infusion, adenosine decreases blood pressure by decreasing peripheral resistance.

Pharmacokinetics

Intravenously administered adenosine is rapidly cleared from the circulation via cellular uptake, primarily by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. This process involves a specific transmembrane nucleoside carrier system that is reversible, nonconcentrative, and bidirectionally symmetrical. Intracellular adenosine is rapidly metabolized either via phosphorylation to adenosine monophosphate by adenosine kinase, or via deamination to inosine by adenosine deaminase in the cytosol. Since adenosine kinase has a lower Km and Vmax than adenosine deaminase, deamination plays a significant role only when cytosolic adenosine saturates the phosphorylation pathway. Inosine formed by deamination of adenosine can leave the cell intact or can be degraded to hypoxanthine, xanthine, and ultimately uric acid. Adenosine monophosphate formed by phosphorylation of adenosine is incorporated into the high-energy phosphate pool. While extracellular adenosine is primarily cleared by cellular uptake with a half-life of less than 10 seconds in whole blood, excessive amounts may be deaminated by an ecto-form of adenosine deaminase. As adenosine requires no hepatic or renal function for its activation or inactivation, hepatic and renal failure would not be expected to alter its effectiveness or tolerability.

Clinical Trial Results

In controlled studies in the United States, bolus doses of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mg were studied. A cumulative 60% of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had converted to normal sinus rhythm within one minute after an intravenous bolus dose of 6 mg adenosine (some converted on 3 mg and failures were given 6 mg), and a cumulative 92% converted after a bolus dose of 12 mg. Seven to sixteen percent of patients converted after 1 to 4 placebo bolus injections. Similar responses were seen in a variety of patient subsets, including those using or not using digoxin, those with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, males, females, blacks, Caucasians, and Hispanics.

Adenosine is not effective in converting rhythms other than PSVT, such as atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia, to normal sinus rhythm.

Indications And Usage  

Intravenous adenosine injection is indicated for the following:

Conversion to sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including that associated with accessory bypass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome). When clinically advisable, appropriate vagal maneuvers (e.g., Valsalva maneuver), should be attempted prior to adenosine administration.

It is important to be sure the adenosine injection solution actually reaches the systemic circulation (see Dosage and Administration).

Adenosine injection does not convert atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm. In the presence of atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, a transient modest slowing of ventricular response may occur immediately following adenosine administration.

Contraindications  

Intravenous adenosine injection is contraindicated in:
  1. Second- or third-degree A-V block (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker).
  2. Sinus node disease, such as sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker).
  3. Known hypersensitivity to adenosine.

Warnings  

Heart Block

Adenosine injection exerts its effect by decreasing conduction through the A-V node and may produce a short lasting first-, second- or third-degree heart block. Appropriate therapy should be instituted as needed. Patients who develop high-level block on one dose of adenosine should not be given additional doses. Because of the very short half-life of adenosine, these effects are generally self-limiting. Appropriate resuscitative measures should be available.

Transient or prolonged episodes of asystole have been reported with fatal outcomes in some cases. Rarely, ventricular fibrillation has been reported following adenosine administration, including both resuscitated and fatal events. In most instances, these cases were associated with the concomitant use of digoxin and, less frequently with digoxin and verapamil. Although no causal relationship or drug-drug interaction has been established, adenosine should be used with caution in patients receiving digoxin or digoxin and verapamil in combination.

Arrhythmias at Time of Conversion

At the time of conversion to normal sinus rhythm, a variety of new rhythms may appear on the electrocardiogram. They generally last only a few seconds without intervention, and may take the form of premature ventricular contractions, atrial premature contractions, atrial fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, skipped beats, and varying degrees of A-V nodal block. Such findings were seen in 55% of patients.

Bronchoconstriction

Adenosine injection is a respiratory stimulant (probably through activation of carotid body chemoreceptors) and intravenous administration in man has been shown to increase minute ventilation (Ve) and reduce arterial PCO2 causing respiratory alkalosis.

Adenosine administered by inhalation has been reported to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients, presumably due to mast cell degranulation and histamine release. These effects have not been observed in normal subjects. Adenosine has been administered to a limited number of patients with asthma and mild to moderate exacerbation of their symptoms has been reported. Respiratory compromise has occurred during adenosine infusion in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease not associated with bronchoconstriction (e.g., emphysema, bronchitis, etc.) and should be avoided in patients with bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm (e.g., asthma). Adenosine should be discontinued in any patient who develops severe respiratory difficulties.

Precautions  

Drug Interactions

Intravenous adenosine injection has been effectively administered in the presence of other cardioactive drugs, such as quinidine, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, calcium channel blocking agents, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, without any change in the adverse reaction profile. Digoxin and verapamil use may be rarely associated with ventricular fibrillation when combined with adenosine (see Warnings). Because of the potential for additive or synergistic depressant effects on the SA and AV nodes, however, adenosine should be used with caution in the presence of these agents. The use of adenosine in patients receiving digitalis may be rarely associated with ventricular fibrillation (see Warnings).

The effects of adenosine are antagonized by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline. In the presence of these methylxanthines, larger doses of adenosine may be required or adenosine may not be effective. Adenosine effects are potentiated by dipyridamole. Thus, smaller doses of adenosine may be effective in the presence of dipyridamole. Carbamazepine has been reported to increase the degree of heart block produced by other agents. As the primary effect of adenosine is to decrease conduction through the A-V node, higher degrees of heart block may be produced in the presence of carbamazepine.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of adenosine injection. Adenosine was negative for genotoxic potential in the Salmonella (Ames Test) and Mammalian Microsome Assay.

Adenosine, however, like other nucleosides at millimolar concentrations present for several doubling times of cells in culture, is known to produce a variety of chromosomal alterations. Fertility studies in animals have not been conducted with adenosine.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with adenosine; nor have studies been performed in pregnant women. As adenosine is a naturally occurring material, widely dispersed throughout the body, no fetal effects would be anticipated. However, since it is not known whether adenosine can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women, adenosine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Pediatric Use

No controlled studies have been conducted in pediatric patients to establish the safety and efficacy of adenosine for the conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). However, intravenous adenosine has been used for the treatment of PSVT in neonates, infants, children and adolescents (see Dosage and Administration).

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of adenosine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, adenosine in geriatric patients should be used with caution since this population may have a diminished cardiac function, nodal dysfunction, concomitant diseases or drug therapy that may alter hemodynamic function and produce severe bradycardia or AV block.

Adverse Reactions  

The following reactions were reported with intravenous adenosine injection used in controlled U.S. clinical trials. The placebo group had a less than 1% rate of all of these reactions.

Cardiovascular

Facial flushing (18%), headache (2%), sweating, palpitations, chest pain, hypotension (less than 1%).

Respiratory

Shortness of breath/dyspnea (12%), chest pressure (7%), hyperventilation, head pressure (less than 1%).

Central Nervous System

Lightheadedness (2%), dizziness, tingling in arms, numbness (1%), apprehension, blurred vision, burning sensation, heaviness in arms, neck and back pain (less than 1%).

Gastrointestinal

Nausea (3%), metallic taste, tightness in throat, pressure in groin (less than 1%).

Post Marketing Experience (see Warnings)

The following adverse events have been reported from marketing experience with adenosine. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, are associated with concomitant diseases and multiple drug therapies and surgical procedures, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Decisions to include these events in labeling are typically based on one or more of the following factors: (1) seriousness of the event, (2) frequency of the reporting, (3) strength of causal connection to the drug, or a combination of these factors.

Cardiovascular

Prolonged asystole, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, transient increase in blood pressure, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and Torsade de Pointes.

Respiratory

Bronchospasm

Central Nervous System

Seizure activity, including tonic clonic (grand mal) seizures, and loss of consciousness.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Overdosage  

The half-life of adenosine injection is less than 10 seconds. Thus, adverse effects are generally rapidly self-limiting. Treatment of any prolonged adverse effects should be individualized and be directed toward the specific effect. Methylxanthines, such as caffeine and theophylline, are competitive antagonists of adenosine.

Dosage And Administration  

For rapid bolus intravenous use only.

Adenosine injection should be given as a rapid bolus by the peripheral intravenous route. To be certain the solution reaches the systemic circulation, it should be administered either directly into a vein or, if given into an IV line, it should be given as close to the patient as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush.

Adult Patients

The dose recommendation is based on clinical studies with peripheral venous bolus dosing. Central venous (CVP or other) administration of adenosine injection has not been systematically studied.

The recommended intravenous doses for adults are as follows:

Initial dose: 6 mg given as a rapid intravenous bolus (administered over a 1 to 2 second period).

Repeat administration: If the first dose does not result in elimination of the supraventricular tachycardia within 1 to 2 minutes, 12 mg should be given as a rapid intravenous bolus. This 12 mg dose may be repeated a second time if required.

Pediatric Patients

The dosages used in neonates, infants, children and adolescents were equivalent to those administered to adults on a weight basis.

Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight <50 kg:

Initial dose: Give 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg as a rapid IV bolus given either centrally or peripherally. A saline flush should follow.

Repeat administration
: If conversion of PSVT does not occur within 1 to 2 minutes, additional bolus injections of adenosine can be administered at incrementally higher doses, increasing the amount given by 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg. Follow each bolus with a saline flush. This process should continue until sinus rhythm is established or a maximum single dose of 0.3 mg/kg is used.

Pediatric Patients with a Body Weight >50 kg: Administer the adult dose.

Doses greater than 12 mg are not recommended for adult and pediatric patients.

NOTE: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.

CAUTION: Product-Connector Incompatibility Notice:

Certain Needleless IV sets with Luer-Activated Devices (LADs) may be incompatible with Wockhardt s syringe. Some LADs that are incompatible with this syringe include the Clave needle-free IV devices. While the Wockhardt s syringes may be connected to these LADs successfully, the physical incompatibility caused by the luer tip diameter significantly impairs or even prevents administration of the drug.
BD Q-SyteTM adaptor or other suitable adaptor are required for use with LADs such as CLAVE systems.
BD Q-SYTETM is a trademark of Becton, Dickinson and Company.
CLAVE is a registered trademark of ICU Medical, Inc.

How Supplied  

Adenosine Injection, USP is supplied as a sterile non-pyrogenic solution in normal saline as follows:

NDC

Adenosine Injection, USP (3 mg per mL)

Package Factor

67457-855-02

6 mg/2 mL Single-Dose Vial

10 vials per carton

67457-854-04

12 mg/4 mL Single-Dose Vial

10 vials per carton

Storage Conditions

Store at 20 to 25 C (68 to 77 F); excursions permitted between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

Store upright.

DO NOT REFRIGERATE as crystallization may occur. If crystallization has occurred, dissolve crystals by warming to room temperature. The solution must be clear at the time of use. Contains no preservatives. Discard unused portion.

The container closure is not made with natural rubber latex.

Sterile, Nonpyrogenic, Preservative-free.

Rx only

Reference  

  1. Paul T. Pfammatter. J-P. Adenosine: an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug in

pediatrics. Pediatric Cardiology 1997; 18:118-126.

SAGENT

Mfd. for SAGENT Pharmaceuticals
Schaumburg, IL 60195 (USA)
Made in India
2014 Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Revised: January 2014

PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL Syringe Label

NDC 25021-301-67

2 mL Syringe

Adenosine Injection, USP

6 mg per 2 mL

(3 mg per mL)

For Rapid Bolus Intravenous Use

Rx only

PACKAGE LABEL     PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL     Syringe Label
ADENOSINE
adenosine injection
Product Information
Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:25021-301
Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength
adenosine (UNII: K72T3FS567) (adenosine - UNII:K72T3FS567) adenosine 3 mg in 1 mL
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient Name Strength
sodium chloride (UNII: 451W47IQ8X)
water (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)
Packaging
# Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
1 NDC:25021-301-67 10 in 1 CARTON 04/16/2014
1 2 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
2 NDC:25021-301-68 10 in 1 CARTON 04/16/2014
2 4 mL in 1 SYRINGE; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
Marketing Information
Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
ANDA ANDA077283 04/16/2014
Labeler - Sagent Pharmaceuticals (796852890)

Revised: 10/2019 Sagent Pharmaceuticals

Adverse Reactions  

The following reactions were reported with intravenous adenosine injection used in controlled U.S. clinical trials. The placebo group had less than 1% rate of all of these reactions.

Cardiovascular

Facial flushing (18%), headache (2%), sweating, palpitations, chest pain, hypotension (less than 1%).

Respiratory

Shortness of breath/dyspnea (12%), chest pressure (7%), hyperventilation, head pressure (less than 1%).

Central Nervous System

Lightheadedness (2%), dizziness, tingling in arms, numbness (1%), apprehension, blurred vision, burning sensation, heaviness in arms, neck and back pain (less than 1%).

Gastrointestinal

Nausea (3%), metallic taste, tightness in throat, pressure in groin (less than 1%).

Post Marketing Experience (see WARNINGS)

The following adverse events have been reported from marketing experience with adenosine injection. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, are associated with concomitant diseases and multiple drug therapies and surgical procedures, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Decisions to include these events in labeling are typically based on one or more of the following factors: (1) seriousness of the event, (2) frequency of the reporting, (3) strength of causal connection to the drug, or a combination of these factors.

Cardiovascular

Prolonged asystole, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, transient increase in blood pressure, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and Torsade de Pointes.

Respiratory

Bronchospasm, throat tightness.

Central Nervous System

Seizure activity, including tonic clonic (grand mal) seizures, and loss of consciousness.

Adenosine Injection, Usp  

FOR RAPID BOLUS INTRAVENOUS USE

Package/label Display Panel 

NDC 67457-855-02

Adenosine Injection, USP

6 mg/2 mL (3 mg/mL)

For Rapid Bolus Intravenous Use

Sterile

Rx only

Mylan

10 x 2 mL Single-Dose Vials

2 mL Carton
ADENOSINE
adenosine injection
Product Information
Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:67457-855
Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength
adenosine (UNII: K72T3FS567) (adenosine - UNII:K72T3FS567) adenosine 3 mg in 1 mL
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient Name Strength
sodium chloride (UNII: 451W47IQ8X)
water (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)
Packaging
# Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
1 NDC:67457-855-02 10 in 1 CARTON 05/08/2018
1 NDC:67457-855-00 2 mL in 1 VIAL, SINGLE-DOSE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product
Marketing Information
Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
ANDA ANDA078686 05/08/2018
ADENOSINE
adenosine injection
Product Information
Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:67457-854
Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS
Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength
adenosine (UNII: K72T3FS567) (adenosine - UNII:K72T3FS567) adenosine 3 mg in 1 mL
Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient Name Strength
sodium chloride (UNII: 451W47IQ8X)
water (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)
Packaging
# Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
1 NDC:67457-854-04 10 in 1 CARTON 05/08/2018
1 NDC:67457-854-00 4 mL in 1 VIAL, SINGLE-DOSE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product
Marketing Information
Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date
ANDA ANDA078686 05/08/2018
Labeler - Mylan Institutional LLC (790384502)
Registrant - Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (059295980)
Establishment
Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations
MYLAN LABORATORIES LIMITED 676199117 MANUFACTURE(67457-855, 67457-854) , STERILIZE(67457-855, 67457-854) , ANALYSIS(67457-855, 67457-854) , PACK(67457-855, 67457-854) , LABEL(67457-855, 67457-854)
Establishment
Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations
MYLAN LABORATORIES LIMITED 650658052 MANUFACTURE(67457-855, 67457-854) , STERILIZE(67457-855, 67457-854) , ANALYSIS(67457-855, 67457-854) , PACK(67457-855, 67457-854) , LABEL(67457-855, 67457-854)

Revised: 5/2018 Mylan Institutional LLC



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