DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE injection
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Patient Information

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is indicated for short-term intravenous sedation. Dosage must be individualized and titrated to the desired clinical effect. Blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen levels will be monitored both continuously during the infusion of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and as clinically appropriate after discontinuation.

When dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is infused for more than 6 hours, patients should be informed to report nervousness, agitation, and headaches that may occur for up to 48 hours.

Additionally, patients should be informed to report symptoms that may occur within 48 hours after the administration of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection such as: weakness, confusion, excessive sweating, weight loss, abdominal pain, salt cravings, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness or light-headedness.

Galaxy is a registered trademark of Baxter International Inc.

Novaplus is a registered trademark of Vizient, Inc.

Manufactured byBaxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA.

Made in USA

07-19-78-492

February 2019

1. Highlights Of Prescribing Information
2. Indications And Usage
3. Dosage And Administration
4. Dosage Forms And Strengths
5. Contraindications
6. Warnings And Precautions
7. Adverse Reactions
8. Drug Interactions
9. Use In Specific Populations
10. 1 Indications And Usage
11. 2 Dosage And Administration
12. 3 Dosage Forms And Strengths
13. 4 Contraindications
14. 5 Warnings And Precautions
15. 6 Adverse Reactions
16. 7 Drug Interactions
17. 8 Use In Specific Populations
18. 9 Drug Abuse And Dependence
19. 10 Overdosage
20. 11 Description
21. 12 Clinical Pharmacology
22. 13 Nonclinical Toxicology
23. 14 Clinical Studies
24. 16 How Supplied/storage And Handling
25. Package/label Principal Display Panel

Highlights Of Prescribing Information ⮝

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION.
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION, for intravenous use
Initial U.S. Approval: 1999

Indications And Usage ⮝

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is a relatively selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist indicated for:

Sedation of non-intubated patients prior to and/or during surgical and other procedures. (1.2)

Dosage And Administration ⮝

Individualize and titrate dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection dosing to desired clinical effect. (2.1)

Administer dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection using a controlled infusion device. (2.1)

The 200 mcg/50mL and 400 mcg/100 mL single-dose GALAXY containers do not require further dilution prior to administration. (2.4)

For Adult Procedural Sedation: Generally initiate at one mcg/kg over 10 minutes, followed by a maintenance infusion initiated at 0.6 mcg/kg/hour and titrated to achieve desired clinical effect with doses ranging from 0.2 to 1 mcg/kg/hour. (2.2)

Alternative Doses: Recommended for patients over 65 years of age and awake fiberoptic intubation patients. (2.2)

Dosage Forms And Strengths ⮝

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection 200 mcg/50 mL (4 mcg/mL) in a 50 mL GALAXY container. Ready to use. (3)

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection 400 mcg/100 mL (4 mcg/mL) in a 100 mL GALAXY container. Ready to use. (3)

Contraindications ⮝

None. (4)

Warnings And Precautions ⮝

Monitoring: Continuously monitor patients while receiving dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. (5.1)

Bradycardia and Sinus Arrest: Have occurred in young healthy volunteers with high vagal tone or with different routes of administration, e.g., rapid intravenous or bolus administration. (5.2)

Hypotension and Bradycardia: May necessitate medical intervention. May be more pronounced in patients with hypovolemia, diabetes mellitus, or chronic hypertension, and in the elderly. Use with caution in patients with advanced heart block or severe ventricular dysfunction. (5.2)

Co-administration with Other Vasodilators or Negative Chronotropic Agents: Use with caution due to additive pharmacodynamic effects. (5.2)

Transient Hypertension: Observed primarily during the loading dose. Consider reduction in loading infusion rate. (5.3)

Arousability: Patients can become aroused/alert with stimulation; this alone should not be considered as lack of efficacy. (5.4)

Prolonged exposure to dexmedetomidine beyond 24 hours may be associated with tolerance and tachyphylaxis and a dose-related increase in adverse events. (5.6)

Adverse Reactions ⮝

The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than 2%) are hypotension, bradycardia, and dry mouth. (6.1)

Adverse reactions associated with infusions greater than 24 hours in duration include ARDS, respiratory failure, and agitation. (6.1)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Baxter Healthcare at 1-866-888-2472 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Drug Interactions ⮝

Anesthetics, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Opioids: Enhancement of pharmacodynamic effects. Reduction in dosage of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or the concomitant medication may be required. (7.1)

Use In Specific Populations ⮝

Geriatric Patients: Dose reduction should be considered. (2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 8.5)

Hepatic Impairment: Dose reduction should be considered. (2.1, 2.2,2.3, 5.7, 8.6)

Pregnancy: Based on animal data, may cause fetal harm. (8.1)

Nursing Mothers: Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing woman. (8.3)

See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION.

Revised: 8/2019

1 Indications And Usage  ⮝

1.2 Procedural Sedation

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is indicated for sedation of non-intubated patients prior to and/or during surgical and other procedures.

2 Dosage And Administration  ⮝

2.1 Dosing Guidelines

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection dosing should be individualized and titrated to desired clinical response.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is not indicated for infusions lasting longer than 24 hours.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection should be administered using a controlled infusion device.

2.2 Dosage Information

Table 1: Dosage Information

INDICATION	DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Initiation of Procedural Sedation	For adult patients: a loading infusion of one mcg/kg over 10 minutes. For less invasive procedures such as ophthalmic surgery, a loading infusion of 0.5 mcg/kg given over 10 minutes may be suitable. For awake fiberoptic intubation in adult patients: a loading infusion of one mcg/kg over 10 minutes. For patients over 65 years of age: a loading infusion of 0.5 mcg/kg over 10 minutes [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)]. For adult patients with impaired hepatic function: a dose reduction should be considered [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Maintenance of Procedural Sedation	For adult patients: the maintenance infusion is generally initiated at 0.6 mcg/kg/hour and titrated to achieve desired clinical effect with doses ranging from 0.2 to 1 mcg/kg/hour. The rate of the maintenance infusion should be adjusted to achieve the targeted level of sedation. For awake fiberoptic intubation in adult patients: a maintenance infusion of 0.7 mcg/kg/hour is recommended until the endotracheal tube is secured. For patients over 65 years of age: a dose reduction should be considered [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)]. For adult patients with impaired hepatic function: a dose reduction should be considered [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

2.3 Dosage Adjustment

Due to possible pharmacodynamic interactions, a reduction in dosage of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or other concomitant anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics or opioids may be required when co-administered [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

Dosage reductions may need to be considered for adult patients with hepatic impairment, and geriatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

2.4 Preparation of Solution

Strict aseptic technique must always be maintained during handling of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, 200 mcg/50 mL (4 mcg/mL) and 400 mcg/100 mL (4 mcg/mL)

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is supplied in GALAXY containers containing a premixed, ready to use dexmedetomidine hydrochloride solution in 0.9% sodium chloride in water. No further dilution of these preparations are necessary.

2.5 Administration with Other Fluids

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection infusion should not be co administered through the same intravenous catheter with blood or plasma because physical compatibility has not been established.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection has been shown to be incompatible when administered with the following drugs: amphotericin B, diazepam.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection has been shown to be compatible when administered with the following intravenous fluids:

0.9% sodium chloride in water

5% dextrose in water

20% mannitol

Lactated Ringer s solution

100 mg/mL magnesium sulfate solution

0.3% potassium chloride solution

2.6 Compatibility with Natural Rubber

Compatibility studies have demonstrated the potential for absorption of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection to some types of natural rubber. Although dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is dosed to effect, it is advisable to use administration components made with synthetic or coated natural rubber gaskets.

3 Dosage Forms And Strengths  ⮝

Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, 200 mcg dexmedetomidine/50 mL (4 mcg/mL) in 50 mL GALAXY container. Ready to use.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, 400 mcg dexmedetomidine/100 mL (4 mcg/mL) in 100 mL GALAXY container. Ready to use.

4 Contraindications  ⮝

None

5 Warnings And Precautions  ⮝

5.1 Drug Administration

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection should be administered only by persons skilled in the management of patients in the operating room setting. Due to the known pharmacological effects of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, patients should be continuously monitored while receiving dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

5.2 Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Sinus Arrest

Clinically significant episodes of bradycardia and sinus arrest have been reported with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection administration in young, healthy adult volunteers with high vagal tone or with different routes of administration including rapid intravenous or bolus administration.

Reports of hypotension and bradycardia have been associated with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection infusion. Some of these cases have resulted in fatalities. If medical intervention is required, treatment may include decreasing or stopping the infusion of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, increasing the rate of intravenous fluid administration, elevation of the lower extremities, and use of pressor agents. Because dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection has the potential to augment bradycardia induced by vagal stimuli, clinicians should be prepared to intervene. The intravenous administration of anticholinergic agents (e.g., glycopyrrolate, atropine) should be considered to modify vagal tone. In clinical trials, glycopyrrolate or atropine were effective in the treatment of most episodes of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride-induced bradycardia. However, in some patients with significant cardiovascular dysfunction, more advanced resuscitative measures were required.

Caution should be exercised when administering dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection to patients with advanced heart block and/or severe ventricular dysfunction. Because dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection decreases sympathetic nervous system activity, hypotension and/or bradycardia may be expected to be more pronounced in patients with hypovolemia, diabetes mellitus, or chronic hypertension and in elderly patients.

In clinical trials where other vasodilators or negative chronotropic agents were co-administered with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection an additive pharmacodynamic effect was not observed. Nonetheless, caution should be used when such agents are administered concomitantly with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

5.3 Transient Hypertension

Transient hypertension has been observed primarily during the loading dose in association with the initial peripheral vasoconstrictive effects of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Treatment of the transient hypertension has generally not been necessary, although reduction of the loading infusion rate may be desirable.

5.4 Arousability

Some patients receiving dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection have been observed to be arousable and alert when stimulated. This alone should not be considered as evidence of lack of efficacy in the absence of other clinical signs and symptoms.

5.5 Withdrawal

Procedural Sedation
In adult subjects, withdrawal symptoms were not seen after discontinuation of short term infusions of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection (<6 hours).

5.6 Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis

Use of dexmedetomidine beyond 24 hours has been associated with tolerance and tachyphylaxis and a dose-related increase in adverse reactions [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.7 Hepatic Impairment

Since dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection clearance decreases with severity of hepatic impairment, dose reduction should be considered in patients with impaired hepatic function [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].

6 Adverse Reactions  ⮝

6.1 Clinical Studies Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reactions rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Use of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection has been associated with the following serious adverse reactions:

Hypotension, bradycardia and sinus arrest [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]

Transient hypertension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]

Most common treatment-emergent adverse reactions, occurring in greater than 2% of patients in procedural sedation studies include hypotension, bradycardia and dry mouth.

Procedural Sedation

Adverse reaction information is derived from the two trials for procedural sedation [see Clinical Studies (14.2)] in which 318 adult patients received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The mean total dose was 1.6 mcg/kg (range: 0.5 to 6.7), mean dose per hour was 1.3 mcg/kg/hr (range: 0.3 to 6.1) and the mean duration of infusion of 1.5 hours (range: 0.1 to 6.2). The population was between 18 to 93 years of age, ASA I-IV, 30% 65 years of age, 52% male and 61% Caucasian.

Treatment-emergent adverse reactions occurring at an incidence of >2% are provided in Table 6. The most frequent adverse reactions were hypotension, bradycardia, and dry mouth [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Pre-specified criteria for the vital signs to be reported as adverse reactions are footnoted below the table. The decrease in respiratory rate and hypoxia was similar between dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and comparator groups in both studies.

Table 6: Adverse Reactions With an Incidence > 2% Procedural Sedation Population

* Hypotension was defined in absolute and relative terms as Systolic blood pressure of <80 mmHg or 30% lower than pre-study drug infusion value, or Diastolic blood pressure of <50 mmHg. Respiratory depression was defined in absolute and relative terms as respiratory rate (RR) <8 beats per minute or > 25% decrease from baseline. Bradycardia was defined in absolute and relative terms as <40 beats per minute or 30% lower than pre-study drug infusion value. Hypertension was defined in absolute and relative terms as Systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg or 30% higher than pre-study drug infusion value or Diastolic blood pressure of >100 mmHg. Tachycardia was defined in absolute and relative terms as >120 beats per minute or 30% greater than pre-study drug infusion value. # Hypoxia was defined in absolute and relative terms as SpO2 <90% or 10% decrease from baseline.
Adverse Event	Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection N = 318 (%)	Placebo N = 113 (%)
Hypotension*	54%	30%
Respiratory depression	37%	32%
Bradycardia	14%	4%
Hypertension	13%	24%
Tachycardia	5%	17%
Nausea	3%	2%
Dry mouth	3%	1%
Hypoxia#	2%	3%
Bradypnea	2%	4%

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Hypotension and bradycardia were the most common adverse reactions associated with the use of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection during post approval use of the drug.

Table 7: Adverse Reactions Experienced During Post-approval Use of Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection

System Organ Class	Preferred Term
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders	Anemia
Cardiac Disorders	Arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, cardiac disorder, extrasystoles, myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia, tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia
Eye Disorders	Photopsia, visual impairment
Gastrointestinal Disorders	Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions	Chills, hyperpyrexia, pain, pyrexia, thirst
Hepatobiliary Disorders	Hepatic function abnormal, hyperbilirubinemia
Investigations	Alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood urea increased, electrocardiogram T wave inversion, gammaglutamyltransferase increased, electrocardiogram QT prolonged
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders	Acidosis, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, hypovolemia, hypernatremia
Nervous System Disorders	Convulsion, dizziness, headache, neuralgia, neuritis, speech disorder
Psychiatric Disorders	Agitation, confusional state, delirium, hallucination, illusion
Renal and Urinary Disorders	Oliguria, polyuria
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Apnea, bronchospasm, dyspnea, hypercapnia, hypoventilation, hypoxia, pulmonary congestion, respiratory acidosis
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders	Hyperhidrosis
Surgical and Medical Procedures	Light anesthesia
Vascular Disorders	Blood pressure fluctuation, hemorrhage, hypertension, hypotension

7 Drug Interactions  ⮝

7.1 Anesthetics, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Opioids

Co-administration of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection with anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, and opioids is likely to lead to an enhancement of effects. Specific studies have confirmed these effects with sevoflurane, isoflurane, propofol, alfentanil, and midazolam. No pharmacokinetic interactions between dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and isoflurane, propofol, alfentanil and midazolam have been demonstrated. However, due to possible pharmacodynamic interactions, when co-administered with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, a reduction in dosage of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or the concomitant anesthetic, sedative, hypnotic or opioid may be required.

7.2 Neuromuscular Blockers

In one study of 10 healthy adult volunteers, administration of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for 45 minutes at a plasma concentration of one ng/mL resulted in no clinically meaningful increases in the magnitude of neuromuscular blockade associated with rocuronium administration.

8 Use In Specific Populations  ⮝

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection use in pregnant women. In an in vitro human placenta study, placental transfer of dexmedetomidine occurred. In a study in the pregnant rat, placental transfer of dexmedetomidine was observed when radiolabeled dexmedetomidine was administered subcutaneously. Thus, fetal exposure should be expected in humans, and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits justify the potential risk to the fetus.

Teratogenic effects were not observed in rats following subcutaneous administration of dexmedetomidine during the period of fetal organogenesis (from gestation day 5 to 16) with doses up to 200 mcg/kg (representing a dose approximately equal to the maximum recommended human intravenous dose based on body surface area) or in rabbits following intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine during the period of fetal organogenesis (from gestation day 6 to 18) with doses up to 96 mcg/kg (representing approximately half the human exposure at the maximum recommended dose based on plasma area under the time-curve comparison). However, fetal toxicity, as evidenced by increased post-implantation losses and reduced live pups, was observed in rats at a subcutaneous dose of 200 mcg/kg. The no-effect dose in rats was 20 mcg/kg (representing a dose less than the maximum recommended human intravenous dose based on a body surface area comparison). In another reproductive toxicity study when dexmedetomidine was administered subcutaneously to pregnant rats at 8 and 32 mcg/kg (representing a dose less than the maximum recommended human intravenous dose based on a body surface area comparison) from gestation day 16 through weaning, lower offspring weights were observed. Additionally, when offspring of the 32 mcg/kg group were allowed to mate, elevated fetal and embryocidal toxicity and delayed motor development was observed in second generation offspring.

8.2 Labor and Delivery

The safety of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection during labor and delivery has not been studied.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is excreted in human milk. Radio-labeled dexmedetomidine administered subcutaneously to lactating female rats was excreted in milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is administered to a nursing woman.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy have not been established for Procedural Sedation in pediatric patients. The use of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for procedural sedation in pediatric patients has not been evaluated.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Procedural Sedation
A total of 131 patients in the clinical studies were 65 years of age and over. A total of 47 patients were 75 years of age and over. Hypotension occurred in a higher incidence in dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection-treated patients 65 years or older (72%) and 75 years or older (74%) as compared to patients <65 years (47%). A reduced loading dose of 0.5 mcg/kg given over 10 minutes is recommended and a reduction in the maintenance infusion should be considered for patients greater than 65 years of age.

8.6 Hepatic Impairment

Since dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection clearance decreases with increasing severity of hepatic impairment, dose reduction should be considered in patients with impaired hepatic function [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

9 Drug Abuse And Dependence  ⮝

9.1 Controlled Substance

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection (dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) is not a controlled substance.

9.3 Dependence

The dependence potential of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection has not been studied in humans. However, since studies in rodents and primates have demonstrated that dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection exhibits pharmacologic actions similar to those of clonidine, it is possible that dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection may produce a clonidine-like withdrawal syndrome upon abrupt discontinuation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

10 Overdosage  ⮝

The tolerability of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection was studied in one study in which healthy adult subjects were administered doses at and above the recommended dose of 0.2 to 0.7 mcg/kg/hr. The maximum blood concentration achieved in this study was approximately 13 times the upper boundary of the therapeutic range. The most notable effects observed in two subjects who achieved the highest doses were first degree atrioventricular block and second degree heart block. No hemodynamic compromise was noted with the atrioventricular block and the heart block resolved spontaneously within one minute.

One patient who received a loading bolus dose of undiluted dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride (19.4 mcg/kg), had cardiac arrest from which he was successfully resuscitated.

11 Description  ⮝

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic ready to use solution suitable for intravenous infusion. Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is the S enantiomer of medetomidine and is chemically described as (+) 4-(S)-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole monohydrochloride. Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride has a molecular weight of 236.7 and the empirical formula is C13H16N2 HCl and the structural formula is:

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is a white or almost white powder that is freely soluble in water and has a pKa of 7.1. Its partition coefficient in-octanol: water at pH 7.4 is 2.89.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is supplied as a clear, colorless, isotonic solution with a pH of 4.5 to 5.5. Each mL contains 4.72 mcg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride equivalent to 4 mcg (0.004 mg) of dexmedetomidine and 9 mg of sodium chloride in water and is ready to be used. The solution is preservative-free and contains no additives or chemical stabilizers.

12 Clinical Pharmacology  ⮝

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is a relatively selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist with sedative properties. Alpha2 selectivity is observed in animals following slow intravenous infusion of low and medium doses (10 to 300 mcg/kg). Both alpha1 and alpha2 activity is observed following slow intravenous infusion of high doses ( 1000 mcg/kg) or with rapid intravenous administration.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

In a study in healthy volunteers (N=10), respiratory rate and oxygen saturation remained within normal limits and there was no evidence of respiratory depression when dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection was administered by intravenous infusion at doses within the recommended dose range (0.2 to 0.7 mcg/kg/hr).

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Following intravenous administration, dexmedetomidine exhibits the following pharmacokinetic parameters: a rapid distribution phase with a distribution half-life (t1/2) of approximately 6 minutes; a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of approximately 2 hours; and steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) of approximately 118 liters. Clearance is estimated to be approximately 39 L/h. The mean body weight associated with this clearance estimate was 72 kg.

Dexmedetomidine exhibits linear pharmacokinetics in the dosage range of 0.2 to 0.7 mcg/kg/hr when administered by intravenous infusion for up to 24 hours. Table 8 shows the main pharmacokinetic parameters when dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection was infused (after appropriate loading doses) at maintenance infusion rates of 0.17 mcg/kg/hr (target plasma concentration of 0.3 ng/mL) for 12 and 24 hours, 0.33 mcg/kg/hr (target plasma concentration of 0.6 ng/mL) for 24 hours, and 0.70 mcg/kg/hr (target plasma concentration of 1.25 ng/mL) for 24 hours.

Table 8: Mean SD Pharmacokinetic Parameters

* Presented as harmonic mean and pseudo standard deviation. Mean Css = Average steady-state concentration of dexmedetomidine. The mean Css was calculated based on post-dose sampling from 2.5 to 9 hours samples for 12 hour infusion and post-dose sampling from 2.5 to 18 hours for 24 hour infusions.
Parameter	Loading Infusion (min)/Total Infusion Duration (hrs)
	10 min/12 hrs	10 min/24 hrs	10 min/24 hrs	35 min/24 hrs
	Dexmedetomidine Target Plasma Concentration (ng/mL) and Dose (mcg/kg/hr)
	0.3/0.17	0.3/0.17	0.6/0.33	1.25/0.70
t1/2*, hour	1.78 0.30	2.22 0.59	2.23 0.21	2.50 0.61
CL, liter/hour	46.3 8.3	43.1 6.5	35.3 6.8	36.5 7.5
Vss, liter	88.7 22.9	102.4 20.3	93.6 17.0	99.6 17.8
Avg Css , ng/mL	0.27 0.05	0.27 0.05	0.67 0.10	1.37 0.20

The loading doses for each of the above indicated groups were 0.5, 0.5, 1 and 2.2 mcg/kg, respectively.

Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetic parameters after dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection maintenance doses of 0.2 to 1.4 mcg/kg/hr for >24 hours were similar to the PK parameters after dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection maintenance dosing for < 24 hours in other studies. The values for clearance (CL), volume of distribution (V), and t1/2 were 39.4 L/hr, 152 L, and 2.67 hours, respectively.

Distribution
The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) of dexmedetomidine was approximately 118 liters. Dexmedetomidine protein binding was assessed in the plasma of normal healthy male and female subjects. The average protein binding was 94% and was constant across the different plasma concentrations tested. Protein binding was similar in males and females. The fraction of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection that was bound to plasma proteins was significantly decreased in subjects with hepatic impairment compared to healthy subjects.

The potential for protein binding displacement of dexmedetomidine by fentanyl, ketorolac, theophylline, digoxin and lidocaine was explored in vitro, and negligible changes in the plasma protein binding of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were observed. The potential for protein binding displacement of phenytoin, warfarin, ibuprofen, propranolol, theophylline and digoxin by dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection was explored in vitro and none of these compounds appeared to be significantly displaced by dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

Metabolism
Dexmedetomidine undergoes almost complete biotransformation with very little unchanged dexmedetomidine excreted in urine and feces. Biotransformation involves both direct glucuronidation as well as cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism. The major metabolic pathways of dexmedetomidine are: direct N-glucuronidation to inactive metabolites; aliphatic hydroxylation (mediated primarily by CYP2A6 with a minor role of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19) of dexmedetomidine to generate 3-hydroxy-dexmedetomidine, the glucuronide of 3-hydroxy dexmedetomidine, and 3-carboxy-dexmedetomidine; and N methylation of dexmedetomidine to generate 3-hydroxy N-methyl-dexmedetomidine, 3 carboxy N-methyl-dexmedetomidine, and dexmedetomidine-N methyl O-glucuronide.

Elimination
The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of dexmedetomidine is approximately 2 hours and clearance is estimated to be approximately 39 L/h. A mass balance study demonstrated that after nine days an average of 95% of the radioactivity, following intravenous administration of radiolabeled dexmedetomidine, was recovered in the urine and 4% in the feces. No unchanged dexmedetomidine was detected in the urine. Approximately 85% of the radioactivity recovered in the urine was excreted within 24 hours after the infusion. Fractionation of the radioactivity excreted in urine demonstrated that products of N-glucuronidation accounted for approximately 34% of the cumulative urinary excretion. In addition, aliphatic hydroxylation of parent drug to form 3-hydroxy-dexmedetomidine, the glucuronide of 3 hydroxy-dexmedetomidine, and 3 carboxylic acid-dexmedetomidine together represented approximately 14% of the dose in urine. N-methylation of dexmedetomidine to form 3-hydroxy N-methyl dexmedetomidine, 3 carboxy N methyl dexmedetomidine, and N-methyl O-glucuronide dexmedetomidine accounted for approximately 18% of the dose in urine. The N-Methyl metabolite itself was a minor circulating component and was undetected in urine. Approximately 28% of the urinary metabolites have not been identified.

Gender:
There was no observed difference in dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection pharmacokinetics due to gender.

Geriatrics:
The pharmacokinetic profile of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection was not altered by age. There were no differences in the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in young (18 to 40 years), middle age (41 to 65 years), and elderly (>65 years) subjects.

Hepatic Impairment:
In subjects with varying degrees of hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A, B, or C), clearance values for dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were lower than in healthy subjects. The mean clearance values for patients with mild, moderate, and severe hepatic impairment were 74%, 64% and 53% of those observed in the normal healthy subjects, respectively. Mean clearances for free drug were 59%, 51% and 32% of those observed in the normal healthy subjects, respectively.

Although dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is dosed to effect, it may be necessary to consider dose reduction in subjects with hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

Renal Impairment:
Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, t1/2, CL, and Vss) were not significantly different in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: <30 mL/min) compared to healthy subjects.

Drug Interactions:
In vitro studies: In vitro studies in human liver microsomes demonstrated no evidence of cytochrome P450 mediated drug interactions that are likely to be of clinical relevance.

13 Nonclinical Toxicology  ⮝

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Animal carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with dexmedetomidine.

Dexmedetomidine was not mutagenic in vitro, in either the bacterial reverse mutation assay (E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium) or the mammalian cell forward mutation assay (mouse lymphoma). Dexmedetomidine was clastogenic in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration test with, but not without, rat S9 metabolic activation. In contrast, dexmedetomidine was not clastogenic in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration test with or without human S9 metabolic activation. Although dexmedetomidine was clastogenic in an in vivo mouse micronucleus test in NMRI mice, there was no evidence of clastogenicity in CD-1 mice.

Fertility in male or female rats was not affected after daily subcutaneous injections of dexmedetomidine at doses up to 54 mcg/kg (less than the maximum recommended human intravenous dose on a mcg/m2 basis) administered from 10 weeks prior to mating in males, and 3 weeks prior to mating and during mating in females.

13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

There were no differences in the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated cortisol response in dogs following a single dose of dexmedetomidine compared to saline control. However, after continuous subcutaneous infusions of dexmedetomidine at 3 mcg/kg/hr and 10 mcg/kg/hr for one week in dogs (exposures estimated to be within the clinical range), the ACTH-stimulated cortisol response was diminished by approximately 27% and 40%, respectively, compared to saline-treated control animals indicating a dose-dependent adrenal suppression.

14 Clinical Studies  ⮝

The safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection has been evaluated in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trials in adult patients.

14.2 Procedural Sedation

The safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for sedation of non-intubated patients prior to and/or during surgical and other procedures was evaluated in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trials. Study 1 evaluated the sedative properties of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in patients having a variety of elective surgeries/procedures performed under monitored anesthesia care. Study 2 evaluated dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in patients undergoing awake fiberoptic intubation prior to a surgical or diagnostic procedure.

In Study 1, the sedative properties of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were evaluated by comparing the percent of patients not requiring rescue midazolam to achieve a specified level of sedation using the standardized Observer s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (see Table 12).

Table 12: Observer s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation

Assessment Categories
Responsiveness	Speech	Facial Expression	Eyes	Composite Score
Responds readily to name spoken in normal tone	Normal	Normal	Clear, no ptosis	5 (alert)
Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone	Mild slowing or thickening	Mild relaxation	Glazed or mild ptosis (less than half the eye)	4
Responds only after name is called loudly and/or repeatedly	Slurring or prominent slowing	Marked relaxation (slack jaw)	Glazed and marked ptosis (half the eye or more)	3
Responds only after mild prodding or shaking	Few recognizable words			2
Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking				1 (deep sleep)

Patients were randomized to receive a loading infusion of either dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection 1 mcg/kg, dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection 0.5 mcg/kg, or placebo (normal saline) given over 10 minutes and followed by a maintenance infusion started at 0.6 mcg/kg/hr. The maintenance infusion of study drug could be titrated from 0.2 mcg/kg/hr to 1 mcg/kg/hr to achieve the targeted sedation score (Observer s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale 4). Patients were allowed to receive rescue midazolam as needed to achieve and/or maintain an Observer s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale 4. After achieving the desired level of sedation, a local or regional anesthetic block was performed. Demographic characteristics were similar between the dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and comparator groups. Efficacy results showed that dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection was more effective than the comparator group when used to sedate non-intubated patients requiring monitored anesthesia care during surgical and other procedures (see Table 13).

In Study 2, the sedative properties of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were evaluated by comparing the percent of patients requiring rescue midazolam to achieve or maintain a specified level of sedation using the Ramsay Sedation Scale score 2.

Patients were randomized to receive a loading infusion of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection 1 mcg/kg or placebo (normal saline) given over 10 minutes and followed by a fixed maintenance infusion of 0.7 mcg/kg/hr. After achieving the desired level of sedation, topicalization of the airway occurred. Patients were allowed to receive rescue midazolam as needed to achieve and/or maintain a Ramsay Sedation Scale 2. Demographic characteristics were similar between the dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and comparator groups. For efficacy results see Table 13.

Table 13: Key Efficacy Results of Procedural Sedation Studies

* Based on ITT population defined as all randomized and treated patients. Normal approximation to the binomial with continuity correction.
Study	Loading Infusion Treatment Arm	Number of Patients Enrolled*	% Not Requiring Midazolam Rescue	Confidence Interval on the Difference vs. Placebo	Mean (SD) Total Dose (mg) of Rescue Midazolam Required	Confidence Intervals of the Mean Rescue Dose
Study 1	Dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg/kg	134	40	37 (27, 48)	1.4 (1.7)	-2.7 (-3.4, -2.0)
	Dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg	129	54	51 (40, 62)	0.9 (1.5)	-3.1 (-3.8, -2.5)
	placebo	63	3		4.1 (3.0)
Study 2	Dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg	55	53	39 (20, 57)	1.1 (1.5)	-1.8 (-2.7, -0.9)
	placebo	50	14		2.9 (3.0)

16 How Supplied/storage And Handling  ⮝

Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection is available as 200 mcg/50 mL (4 mcg/mL) and 400 mcg/100 mL (4 mcg/mL) in 50 mL and 100 mL GALAXY containers, respectively. GALAXY containers are intended for single dose.

Carton NDC No.	Container	Size	Number of Containers/Carton
43066-555-24	GALAXY single-dose	50 mL	Twenty-four (24) 200 mcg/50 mL
43066-557-12	GALAXY single-dose	100 mL	Twelve (12) 400 mcg/100 mL

Store at 20 to 25 C (68 to 77 F)[See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Discard unused portion.

Package/label Principal Display Panel  ⮝

Container Label

NDC 43066-555-24

Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in
0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection

200 mcg per 50 mL
(4 mcg / mL)*

Code 2G3492

GALAXY
50 mL Single Dose Container
Discard unused portion
For Intravenous Infusion

*Each mL contains: 4 mcg dexmedetomidine provided as 4.72 mcg
dexmedetomidine HCl, USP; 9 mg sodium chloride, USP; 483 mcg sodium acetate
trihydrate, USP; 87 mcg glacial acetic acid, USP; and Water for Injection, USP.
pH is 4.5 to 5.5.
Usual Dosage: See prescribing information.
Rx Only
Store at 20 to 25 C (68 to 77 F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Do not freeze.

PL 2501 Plastic

NovaPlus Logo

Galaxy is a registered trademark of Baxter International Inc.
Novaplus is a registered trademark of Vizient, Inc.
Manufactured by Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA
Made in USA 07-34-78-484

Bar Code
Position Only
343066555245

Carton Label

GALAXY Container
PL 2501 Plastic

Galaxy is a registered trademark of Baxter International Inc.
Novaplus is a registered trademark of Vizient, Inc.
Manufactured by Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA
Made in USA

NovaPlus symbol

07-04-78-488

Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection
200 mcg per 50 mL (4 mcg / mL)*
Contains 12 (1 x 12) 50 mL Single Dose Containers
Store at 20 to 25 C (68 to 77 F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Do not freeze.

Rx Only

NDC 43066-555-24
Code 2G3492

Bar Code Position Only
(01)20343066555249

Intravenous Infusion
*Each mL contains: 4 mcg dexmedetomidine provided as 4.72 mcg dexmedetomidine HCl, USP; 9 mg sodium
chloride, USP; 483 mcg sodium acetate trihydrate, USP; 87 mcg glacial acetic acid, USP; and Water for
Injection, USP. pH is 4.5 to 5.5.

Usual Dosage: See prescribing information.

Container Label

NDC 43066-557-12

Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in
0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection

400 mcg per 100 mL
(4 mcg / mL)*

Code 2G3493

GALAXY
100 mL Single Dose Container
Discard unused portion
For Intravenous Infusion

*Each mL contains: 4 mcg dexmedetomidine provided as 4.72 mcg
dexmedetomidine HCl, USP; 9 mg sodium chloride, USP; 483 mcg sodium
acetate trihydrate, USP; 87 mcg glacial acetic acid, USP; and Water for
Injection, USP. pH is 4.5 to 5.5.

Usual Dosage: See prescribing information.

Rx Only

Store at 20 to 25 C (68 to 77 F) [See USP Controlled Room

Temperature].

Do not freeze.

PL 2501 Plastic

NovaPlus Logo

Galaxy is a registered trademark of Baxter International Inc.
Novaplus is a registered trademark of Vizient, Inc.
Manufactured by Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA
Made in USA 07-34-78-485

Bar Code
Position Only
343066557126

Carton Label

GALAXY Container
PL 2501 Plastic

Galaxy is a registered trademark of Baxter International Inc.
Novaplus is a registered trademark of Vizient, Inc.
Manufactured by Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA
Made in USA

NovaPlus symbol

07-04-78-489

Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection
400 mcg per 100 mL (4 mcg / mL)*
Contains 6 (1 x 6) 100 mL Single Dose Containers
Store at 20 to 25 C (68 to 77 F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Do not freeze.

Rx Only

NDC 43066-557-12

Code 2G3493

Bar Code Position Only
(01)20343066557120

Intravenous Infusion
*Each mL contains: 4 mcg dexmedetomidine provided as 4.72 mcg dexmedetomidine HCl, USP; 9 mg sodium
chloride, USP; 483 mcg sodium acetate trihydrate, USP; 87 mcg glacial acetic acid, USP; and Water for
Injection, USP. pH is 4.5 to 5.5.

Usual Dosage: See prescribing information.

DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection

Product Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:43066-555 Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS

Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE (UNII: 1018WH7F9I) (DEXMEDETOMIDINE - UNII:67VB76HONO) DEXMEDETOMIDINE 200 ug in 50 mL

Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength SODIUM CHLORIDE (UNII: 451W47IQ8X) SODIUM ACETATE (UNII: 4550K0SC9B) ACETIC ACID (UNII: Q40Q9N063P) WATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)

Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:43066-555-24 24 in 1 CARTON 08/27/2019 1 50 mL in 1 BAG; Type 0: Not a Combination Product

Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date ANDA ANDA208532 08/27/2019

DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection

Product Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:43066-557 Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS

Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE (UNII: 1018WH7F9I) (DEXMEDETOMIDINE - UNII:67VB76HONO) DEXMEDETOMIDINE 400 ug in 100 mL

Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength SODIUM CHLORIDE (UNII: 451W47IQ8X) SODIUM ACETATE (UNII: 4550K0SC9B) ACETIC ACID (UNII: Q40Q9N063P) WATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)

Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:43066-557-12 12 in 1 CARTON 08/27/2019 1 100 mL in 1 BAG; Type 0: Not a Combination Product

Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date ANDA ANDA208532 08/27/2019

Labeler - Baxter Healthcare Corporation (005083209)

Establishment
Name	Address	ID/FEI	Business Operations
Baxter Healthcare Corporation		194684502	ANALYSIS(43066-555, 43066-557) , LABEL(43066-555, 43066-557) , MANUFACTURE(43066-555, 43066-557) , PACK(43066-555, 43066-557) , STERILIZE(43066-555, 43066-557)

Revised: 8/2019 Document Id: aea9a3ad-c244-42be-9cd3-5df83fe2b522 34391-3 Set id: aea9a3ad-c244-42be-9cd3-5df83fe2b522 Version: 1 Effective Time: 20190827 Baxter Healthcare Corporation